Cocaine Overview
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Pure cocaine was first used in the 1880s in eye, nose, and throat surgeries as
an anesthetic and for its ability to constrict blood vessels and limit bleeding.
However, many of its therapeutic applications are now obsolete because of the
development of safer drugs.1
Cocaine is the most potent stimulant of natural origin.2 This substance can be
snorted, smoked, or injected. When snorted, cocaine powder is inhaled through
the nose where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues.
When injected, the user uses a needle to release the drug directly into the
bloodstream. Smoking involves inhaling cocaine vapor or smoke into the lungs
where absorption into the bloodstream is as rapid as by injection. Each of these
methods of administration pose great risks to the user.3
Crack is cocaine that has been processed from cocaine hydrochloride to a free
base for smoking. Crack cocaine is processed with ammonia or sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda) and water. It is then heated to remove the
hydrochloride producing a form of cocaine that can be smoked.4
Extent of Use
According to the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately
33.7 million Americans ages 12 and older had tried cocaine at least once in
their lifetimes, representing 13.8% of the population ages 12 and older.
Approximately 5.5 million (2.3%) has used cocaine in the past year and 2.4
million (1.0%) had used cocaine within the past month.5
The 2005 NSDUH results also indicate that there were 872,000 persons aged
12 or older who had used cocaine for the first time within the past 12 months.
This is a statistically significant reduction from 2002 when there were more than
one million past year cocaine initiates.6
Among students surveyed as part of the 2006 Monitoring the Future study, 3.4%
of eighth graders, 4.8% of tenth graders, and 8.5% of twelfth graders reported
lifetime use of cocaine. In 2005, these percentages were 3.7%, 5.2%, and 8.0%,
respectively.7
Percent of Students Reporting Cocaine Use, 2005–2006
8th Grade, 10th Grade, 12th Grade
Past month
2005- 8th: 1.0%
2006- 8th: 1.0%
2005- 10th: 1.5%
2006- 10th: 1.5%
2005- 12th: 2.3%
2006- 12th: 2.5%
Past year
2005- 8th: 2.2%
2006- 8th: 2.0%
2005- 10th: 3.5%
2006- 10th: 3.2%
2005- 12th: 5.1%
2006- 12th: 5.7%
Lifetime
2005- 8th: 3.7%
2006- 8th: 3.4%
2005- 10th: 5.2%
2006- 10th: 4.8%
2005- 12th: 8.0%
2006- 12th: 8.5%
Approximately 64% of eighth graders, 71.3% of tenth graders, and 61.9% of
twelfth graders surveyed in 2006 reported that taking powder cocaine
occasionally was a “great risk.” Additionally, approximately 82% of 12 th graders
surveyed in 2006 reported that using powder cocaine regularly was a “great
risk.”8
Percent of Students Reporting Risk of Using Cocaine, 2006
Say "great risk" to:
Try crack once/twice
8th 47.6%
10th 56.6%
12th 47.8%
Take crack occasionally
8th 68.7%
10th 76.2%
12th 64.8%
Try powder cocaine once/twice
8th 43.5%
10th 50.2%
12th 45.8%
Take powder cocaine occasionally
8th 64.0%
10th 71.3%
12th 61.9%
Regarding the ease by which one can obtain powder cocaine, 20.2% of eighth
graders, 30.7% of tenth graders, and 42.5% of twelfth graders surveyed in 2006
reported that powder cocaine was "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain.9
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also conducts a survey
of high school students throughout the United States, the Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS). Among students surveyed in 2005, 7.6%
reported using some form of cocaine at least one time during their life. 3.4%
reported being current users of cocaine, meaning that they had used cocaine at
least once during the past month.10
Percent of Students Reporting Cocaine Use, 2001–2005
Current use
2001 4.2%
2003 4.1%
2004 3.4%
Lifetime use
2001 9.4
2003 8.7
2004 7.6
Approximately 8.8% of college students and 14.3% of young adults (ages 19–
28) surveyed in 2005 reported lifetime use of cocaine.11
Percent of College Students/Young Adults Reporting Cocaine Use,
2004–2005
Past month--College Students
2004: 2.4%
2005: 1.8%
Past Month-- Young Adults
2004: 2.2%
2005: 2.2%
Past year-- College Students
2004: 6.6%
2005: 5.7%
Past year-- Young Adults
2004: 7.1%
2005: 6.9%
Lifetime -- College Students
2004: 9.5%
2005: 8.8%
Lifetime-- Young Adults
2004: 15.2%
2005: 14.3%
Health Effects
Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Physical effects of
cocaine use include constricted blood vessels and increased temperature,
heart rate, and blood pressure. Users may also experience feelings of
restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.13
Evidence suggests that users who smoke or inject cocaine may be at even
greater risk of causing harm to themselves than those who snort the
substance. For example, cocaine smokers also suffer from acute respiratory
problems including coughing, shortness of breath, and severe chest pains with
lung trauma and bleeding.14 A user who injects cocaine is at risk of
transmitting or acquiring diseases if needles or other injection equipment are
shared.15
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug and compulsive cocaine use seems to
develop more rapidly when the substance is smoked rather than snorted. A
tolerance to the cocaine high may be developed and many addicts report that
they fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first cocaine
exposure.16
Smoking crack delivers large quantities of the drug to the lungs, producing
effects comparable to intravenous injection. These effects are felt almost
immediately after smoking, are very intense, but do not last long. For example,
the high from smoking cocaine may last from 5 to 10 minutes. The high from
snorting can last for 15 to 20 minutes.17
Cocaine continues to be the most frequently mentioned illicit substance
reported to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) by hospital emergency
departments (ED) nationwide. During 2002, it was mentioned 199,198 times
and was present in 30% of the ED drug episodes during the year. While
cocaine ED mentions were statistically unchanged from 2001 to 2002, they
have increased 47% since 1995 when there were 135,711 mentions.18
Of an estimated 108 million emergency department (ED) visits in the U.S.
during 2005, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) estimates that
1,449,154 were drug-related. DAWN data indicate that cocaine was involved in
448,481 ED visits.19
Treatment
From 1995 to 2005, the number of admissions to treatment for cocaine
decreased from 278,421 in 1995 to 256,491 in 2005. Cocaine admissions
represented 16.6% of the total drug/alcohol admissions to treatment during
1995 and 13.9% of the treatment admissions in 2005.20
Broken down by type of cocaine, the number of treatment admissions for non-
smoked cocaine increased from 70,813 in 1995 to 71,255 in 2005 and
admissions for smoked cocaine decreased from 207,608 in 1995 to 185,236 in
2005. The average age of those admitted to treatment for cocaine in 2005 was
38 years for smoked cocaine, compared with 34 years for non-smoked cocaine
admissions. 21
Arrests & Sentencing
During FY 2004, cocaine was the primary drug involved in Federal drug arrests.
There were 12,166 Federal drug arrests for cocaine in FY 2004. The Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA) made 7,082 arrests for powder cocaine and
3,921 arrests for crack cocaine during FY 2004.22
During FY 2006, there were 5,841 Federal offenders sentenced for powder
cocaine-related charges and 5,623 sentenced for crack cocaine charges in U.S.
Courts. Approximately 98.3% of the powder cocaine cases and 96.0% of the
crack cocaine cases involved trafficking.23
Production & Trafficking
Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant, which is indigenous to
the Andean highlands of South America.24 It is estimated that the amount of
pure cocaine that could have been produced in the Andean region increased
from 640 metric tons in 2004 to 780 metric tons in 2005.25
Much of the cocaine available in the United States is transported from South
American nations, particularly Colombia, through the Mexico-Central America
Corridor. Recent data suggests that a rise in retail-level cocaine prices and a
decrease in retail-level cocaine purity may have occurred during the period of
February through September 2005, indicating a potential decrease in the
availability of cocaine at the retail level in domestic drug markets.26
Law enforcement, epidemiologic, and ethnographic Pulse Check sources
indicate that prices for powder cocaine range from $25–$35 per gram in New
York to $75–$150 in Detroit. One gram of powder cocaine usually sells for $100
in most cities reporting to Pulse Check. Crack cocaine tends to be sold in 0.1
and 0.2 gram rocks that generally sell for $10, but prices can range from
$2–$40 depending on the size of the rock.27
Most of the Pulse Check sources indicate that powder and crack cocaine are
both sold in central city areas. Suburban areas are also frequently mentioned
as areas for powder cocaine sales. Settings for cocaine sales include cars,
parties, schools, college campuses, raves, supermarkets, and shopping malls.
28
Sources also indicate that adulterants are often found in powder cocaine.
These adulterants include caffeine (in Miami), chalk, laundry detergent, and rat
poison (in Memphis), meat tenderizer (in Boston), baby laxatives (in Baltimore
and Memphis), and talcum or baby powder (in Billings, El Paso, and
Washington, D.C.).29
During FY 2003, Federal agencies seized 245,499 pounds of cocaine under the
Federal-wide Drug Seizure System (FDSS). FDSS contains information about
drug seizures made within the jurisdiction of the United States by the DEA,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Border Patrol, and
U.S. Coast Guard.30
Legislation
Cocaine was first Federally-regulated in December 1914 with the passage of
the Harrison Act. This Act banned non-medical use of cocaine; prohibited its
importation; imposed the same criminal penalties for cocaine users as for
opium, morphine, and heroin users; and required a strict accounting of medical
prescriptions for cocaine. As a result of the Harrison Act and the emergence of
cheaper, legal substances such as amphetamines, cocaine became scarce in
the U.S. However, use began to rise again in the 1960s, prompting Congress to
classify it as a Schedule II substance in 1970.31 Schedule II substances have a
high potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the
United States with severe restrictions, and may lead to severe psychological or
physical dependence.32 Cocaine can currently be administered by a doctor for
legitimate medical uses, such as a local anesthetic for some eye, ear, and
throat surgeries.33
Street Terms 34
Common Terms Associated with Cocaine
Terms and Definitions
Blow means Cocaine
Bingers means Crack addicts
Horn means to inhale cocaine
Oolies means Marijuana laced with crack
Nose candy means Cocaine
Tornado means Crack
Snowball means Cocaine and heroin
Wicky stick means PCP, marijuana, and crack
Sources
1 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Abuse, 2005
2 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
3 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
4 Ibid.
5 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from
the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings,
September 2006
6 Ibid.
7 National Institute on Drug Abuse and University of Michigan, 2006 Monitoring
the Future Study Drug Data Tables, December 2006
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance—United States, 2005, June 2006
11 National Institute on Drug Abuse and University of Michigan, Monitoring the
Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2005, Volume II: College
Students & Adults Ages 19-45 (PDF), 2006
12 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal
Prisoners, 2004, October 2006
13 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
14 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
15 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Emergency
Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Final Estimates
1995–2002, July 2003
19 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse
Warning Network, 2005: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency
Department Visits, March 2007
20 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment
Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights—2005, February 2007
21 Ibid.
22 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics,
2004, December 2006
23 United States Sentencing Commission, 2006 Sourcebook of Federal
Sentencing Statistics, 2007
24 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
25 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2006,
October 2006
26 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Concern: Cocaine, 2006
27 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse,
Drug Markets and Chronic Users in 25 of America's Largest Cities, January
2004
28 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse,
July–December 2001 Reporting Period, April 2002
29 Ibid.
30 Drug Enforcement Administration, Federal-wide Drug Seizure System, as
reported in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
31 U.S. Department of Justice, CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy,
Appendix C
32 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Abuse, 2005
33 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction, November
2004
34 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Drug Policy Information
Clearinghouse, Street Terms: Drugs and the Drug Trade Cocaine section
an anesthetic and for its ability to constrict blood vessels and limit bleeding.
However, many of its therapeutic applications are now obsolete because of the
development of safer drugs.1
Cocaine is the most potent stimulant of natural origin.2 This substance can be
snorted, smoked, or injected. When snorted, cocaine powder is inhaled through
the nose where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues.
When injected, the user uses a needle to release the drug directly into the
bloodstream. Smoking involves inhaling cocaine vapor or smoke into the lungs
where absorption into the bloodstream is as rapid as by injection. Each of these
methods of administration pose great risks to the user.3
Crack is cocaine that has been processed from cocaine hydrochloride to a free
base for smoking. Crack cocaine is processed with ammonia or sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda) and water. It is then heated to remove the
hydrochloride producing a form of cocaine that can be smoked.4
Extent of Use
According to the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately
33.7 million Americans ages 12 and older had tried cocaine at least once in
their lifetimes, representing 13.8% of the population ages 12 and older.
Approximately 5.5 million (2.3%) has used cocaine in the past year and 2.4
million (1.0%) had used cocaine within the past month.5
The 2005 NSDUH results also indicate that there were 872,000 persons aged
12 or older who had used cocaine for the first time within the past 12 months.
This is a statistically significant reduction from 2002 when there were more than
one million past year cocaine initiates.6
Among students surveyed as part of the 2006 Monitoring the Future study, 3.4%
of eighth graders, 4.8% of tenth graders, and 8.5% of twelfth graders reported
lifetime use of cocaine. In 2005, these percentages were 3.7%, 5.2%, and 8.0%,
respectively.7
Percent of Students Reporting Cocaine Use, 2005–2006
8th Grade, 10th Grade, 12th Grade
Past month
2005- 8th: 1.0%
2006- 8th: 1.0%
2005- 10th: 1.5%
2006- 10th: 1.5%
2005- 12th: 2.3%
2006- 12th: 2.5%
Past year
2005- 8th: 2.2%
2006- 8th: 2.0%
2005- 10th: 3.5%
2006- 10th: 3.2%
2005- 12th: 5.1%
2006- 12th: 5.7%
Lifetime
2005- 8th: 3.7%
2006- 8th: 3.4%
2005- 10th: 5.2%
2006- 10th: 4.8%
2005- 12th: 8.0%
2006- 12th: 8.5%
Approximately 64% of eighth graders, 71.3% of tenth graders, and 61.9% of
twelfth graders surveyed in 2006 reported that taking powder cocaine
occasionally was a “great risk.” Additionally, approximately 82% of 12 th graders
surveyed in 2006 reported that using powder cocaine regularly was a “great
risk.”8
Percent of Students Reporting Risk of Using Cocaine, 2006
Say "great risk" to:
Try crack once/twice
8th 47.6%
10th 56.6%
12th 47.8%
Take crack occasionally
8th 68.7%
10th 76.2%
12th 64.8%
Try powder cocaine once/twice
8th 43.5%
10th 50.2%
12th 45.8%
Take powder cocaine occasionally
8th 64.0%
10th 71.3%
12th 61.9%
Regarding the ease by which one can obtain powder cocaine, 20.2% of eighth
graders, 30.7% of tenth graders, and 42.5% of twelfth graders surveyed in 2006
reported that powder cocaine was "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain.9
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also conducts a survey
of high school students throughout the United States, the Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS). Among students surveyed in 2005, 7.6%
reported using some form of cocaine at least one time during their life. 3.4%
reported being current users of cocaine, meaning that they had used cocaine at
least once during the past month.10
Percent of Students Reporting Cocaine Use, 2001–2005
Current use
2001 4.2%
2003 4.1%
2004 3.4%
Lifetime use
2001 9.4
2003 8.7
2004 7.6
Approximately 8.8% of college students and 14.3% of young adults (ages 19–
28) surveyed in 2005 reported lifetime use of cocaine.11
Percent of College Students/Young Adults Reporting Cocaine Use,
2004–2005
Past month--College Students
2004: 2.4%
2005: 1.8%
Past Month-- Young Adults
2004: 2.2%
2005: 2.2%
Past year-- College Students
2004: 6.6%
2005: 5.7%
Past year-- Young Adults
2004: 7.1%
2005: 6.9%
Lifetime -- College Students
2004: 9.5%
2005: 8.8%
Lifetime-- Young Adults
2004: 15.2%
2005: 14.3%
Health Effects
Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant. Physical effects of
cocaine use include constricted blood vessels and increased temperature,
heart rate, and blood pressure. Users may also experience feelings of
restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.13
Evidence suggests that users who smoke or inject cocaine may be at even
greater risk of causing harm to themselves than those who snort the
substance. For example, cocaine smokers also suffer from acute respiratory
problems including coughing, shortness of breath, and severe chest pains with
lung trauma and bleeding.14 A user who injects cocaine is at risk of
transmitting or acquiring diseases if needles or other injection equipment are
shared.15
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug and compulsive cocaine use seems to
develop more rapidly when the substance is smoked rather than snorted. A
tolerance to the cocaine high may be developed and many addicts report that
they fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first cocaine
exposure.16
Smoking crack delivers large quantities of the drug to the lungs, producing
effects comparable to intravenous injection. These effects are felt almost
immediately after smoking, are very intense, but do not last long. For example,
the high from smoking cocaine may last from 5 to 10 minutes. The high from
snorting can last for 15 to 20 minutes.17
Cocaine continues to be the most frequently mentioned illicit substance
reported to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) by hospital emergency
departments (ED) nationwide. During 2002, it was mentioned 199,198 times
and was present in 30% of the ED drug episodes during the year. While
cocaine ED mentions were statistically unchanged from 2001 to 2002, they
have increased 47% since 1995 when there were 135,711 mentions.18
Of an estimated 108 million emergency department (ED) visits in the U.S.
during 2005, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) estimates that
1,449,154 were drug-related. DAWN data indicate that cocaine was involved in
448,481 ED visits.19
Treatment
From 1995 to 2005, the number of admissions to treatment for cocaine
decreased from 278,421 in 1995 to 256,491 in 2005. Cocaine admissions
represented 16.6% of the total drug/alcohol admissions to treatment during
1995 and 13.9% of the treatment admissions in 2005.20
Broken down by type of cocaine, the number of treatment admissions for non-
smoked cocaine increased from 70,813 in 1995 to 71,255 in 2005 and
admissions for smoked cocaine decreased from 207,608 in 1995 to 185,236 in
2005. The average age of those admitted to treatment for cocaine in 2005 was
38 years for smoked cocaine, compared with 34 years for non-smoked cocaine
admissions. 21
Arrests & Sentencing
During FY 2004, cocaine was the primary drug involved in Federal drug arrests.
There were 12,166 Federal drug arrests for cocaine in FY 2004. The Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA) made 7,082 arrests for powder cocaine and
3,921 arrests for crack cocaine during FY 2004.22
During FY 2006, there were 5,841 Federal offenders sentenced for powder
cocaine-related charges and 5,623 sentenced for crack cocaine charges in U.S.
Courts. Approximately 98.3% of the powder cocaine cases and 96.0% of the
crack cocaine cases involved trafficking.23
Production & Trafficking
Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant, which is indigenous to
the Andean highlands of South America.24 It is estimated that the amount of
pure cocaine that could have been produced in the Andean region increased
from 640 metric tons in 2004 to 780 metric tons in 2005.25
Much of the cocaine available in the United States is transported from South
American nations, particularly Colombia, through the Mexico-Central America
Corridor. Recent data suggests that a rise in retail-level cocaine prices and a
decrease in retail-level cocaine purity may have occurred during the period of
February through September 2005, indicating a potential decrease in the
availability of cocaine at the retail level in domestic drug markets.26
Law enforcement, epidemiologic, and ethnographic Pulse Check sources
indicate that prices for powder cocaine range from $25–$35 per gram in New
York to $75–$150 in Detroit. One gram of powder cocaine usually sells for $100
in most cities reporting to Pulse Check. Crack cocaine tends to be sold in 0.1
and 0.2 gram rocks that generally sell for $10, but prices can range from
$2–$40 depending on the size of the rock.27
Most of the Pulse Check sources indicate that powder and crack cocaine are
both sold in central city areas. Suburban areas are also frequently mentioned
as areas for powder cocaine sales. Settings for cocaine sales include cars,
parties, schools, college campuses, raves, supermarkets, and shopping malls.
28
Sources also indicate that adulterants are often found in powder cocaine.
These adulterants include caffeine (in Miami), chalk, laundry detergent, and rat
poison (in Memphis), meat tenderizer (in Boston), baby laxatives (in Baltimore
and Memphis), and talcum or baby powder (in Billings, El Paso, and
Washington, D.C.).29
During FY 2003, Federal agencies seized 245,499 pounds of cocaine under the
Federal-wide Drug Seizure System (FDSS). FDSS contains information about
drug seizures made within the jurisdiction of the United States by the DEA,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Border Patrol, and
U.S. Coast Guard.30
Legislation
Cocaine was first Federally-regulated in December 1914 with the passage of
the Harrison Act. This Act banned non-medical use of cocaine; prohibited its
importation; imposed the same criminal penalties for cocaine users as for
opium, morphine, and heroin users; and required a strict accounting of medical
prescriptions for cocaine. As a result of the Harrison Act and the emergence of
cheaper, legal substances such as amphetamines, cocaine became scarce in
the U.S. However, use began to rise again in the 1960s, prompting Congress to
classify it as a Schedule II substance in 1970.31 Schedule II substances have a
high potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the
United States with severe restrictions, and may lead to severe psychological or
physical dependence.32 Cocaine can currently be administered by a doctor for
legitimate medical uses, such as a local anesthetic for some eye, ear, and
throat surgeries.33
Street Terms 34
Common Terms Associated with Cocaine
Terms and Definitions
Blow means Cocaine
Bingers means Crack addicts
Horn means to inhale cocaine
Oolies means Marijuana laced with crack
Nose candy means Cocaine
Tornado means Crack
Snowball means Cocaine and heroin
Wicky stick means PCP, marijuana, and crack
Sources
1 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Abuse, 2005
2 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
3 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
4 Ibid.
5 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from
the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings,
September 2006
6 Ibid.
7 National Institute on Drug Abuse and University of Michigan, 2006 Monitoring
the Future Study Drug Data Tables, December 2006
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance—United States, 2005, June 2006
11 National Institute on Drug Abuse and University of Michigan, Monitoring the
Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2005, Volume II: College
Students & Adults Ages 19-45 (PDF), 2006
12 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal
Prisoners, 2004, October 2006
13 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
14 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
15 National Institute on Drug Abuse, InfoFacts: Crack and Cocaine, June 2007
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Emergency
Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Final Estimates
1995–2002, July 2003
19 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse
Warning Network, 2005: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency
Department Visits, March 2007
20 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Treatment
Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights—2005, February 2007
21 Ibid.
22 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics,
2004, December 2006
23 United States Sentencing Commission, 2006 Sourcebook of Federal
Sentencing Statistics, 2007
24 Drug Enforcement Administration Web site, Drug Descriptions: Cocaine
25 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2006,
October 2006
26 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Concern: Cocaine, 2006
27 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse,
Drug Markets and Chronic Users in 25 of America's Largest Cities, January
2004
28 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse,
July–December 2001 Reporting Period, April 2002
29 Ibid.
30 Drug Enforcement Administration, Federal-wide Drug Seizure System, as
reported in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
31 U.S. Department of Justice, CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy,
Appendix C
32 Drug Enforcement Administration, Drugs of Abuse, 2005
33 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction, November
2004
34 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Drug Policy Information
Clearinghouse, Street Terms: Drugs and the Drug Trade Cocaine section
Up to 75% of people who try cocaine will become addicted to it. Only one out of four
people who try to quit will be able to do so without help.--
Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
people who try to quit will be able to do so without help.--
Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse
| COCAINE OVERVIEW |
Information from The Office of National Drug Control Policy
Examples of how cocaine may appear.
